Usually it's a modem. Could be a communication cable to another device such as a Com cable to a router or switch.
They aren't used that much anymore.
No. VGA port is not either serial or parallel port. It is a different interface. If you need a serial output, you need a VGA to serial converter.
how does computer send data through serial port?
In the past external modems connected to the COM (or serial) port. However, most modern external hardware is USB these days, modems are no exception.
USB port
No. The term serial port refers to the older 9 or 25 pin, male connectors on the back of a PC. They were used for connecting to modems, certain printers, and mice.A USB port, while it is technically a type of serial port, it is incompatible with the old type of serial port. A USB port gets information about the device from the device, while the old type serial port simply transmitted data. USB to serial adapters do exist, but compatibility can be a challenge.
A Graphics Card
You will usually get an error during POST if there is a problem with a serial port.
Exact definition of loop-back plugs will depend on what application we are talking about. Mostly these are connector plugs with a metal inside to short two electrical signals. There can be loopback plugs for different applications. These can be for a serial port or an Ethernet port or loopback plugs for specific signals on a connector or on a printed circuit board. These are very useful for debugging and testing an electronics problem. E.g. one can do a loopback on PC serial port's Transmit and Receive (Tx and Rx) lines using a loopback plug or a metal short to see if the serial port is working fine. Similarly Ethernet ports can be tested with a loop-back plug made for the purpose. - Neeraj Sharma
Exact definition of loop-back plugs will depend on what application we are talking about. Mostly these are connector plugs with a metal inside to short two electrical signals. There can be loopback plugs for different applications. These can be for a serial port or an Ethernet port or loopback plugs for specific signals on a connector or on a printed circuit board. These are very useful for debugging and testing an electronics problem. E.g. one can do a loopback on PC serial port's Transmit and Receive (Tx and Rx) lines using a loopback plug or a metal short to see if the serial port is working fine. Similarly Ethernet ports can be tested with a loop-back plug made for the purpose. - Neeraj Sharma
COM
It would connect to the serial port interface of a router.
Usually, because a serial port doesn't have to deal with the problem of signal skew that can jumble the data on a parallel port and gets worse proportional to distance.
If the controller plugs into a USB port, yes.
Usually it'd be COM2. The IO address range is usually 0x2F8 - 0x2FF.
No. VGA port is not either serial or parallel port. It is a different interface. If you need a serial output, you need a VGA to serial converter.
It's called a COM port.
Serial numbers are usually on the left side of the barrel near the breech (loading port)