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Typically TCP (the Transmission Control Protocol) is responsible for adding reliable delivery mechanisms to information flows. It operates at the Transport Layer.

Some applications use the session layer in addition to or in place of transport layer mechanisms however.

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What is the most important traffic -regulating device on large networks?

Routers


What is meant by 'Protocol'?

Protocols are the set of rules to regulating the procedure of communication over computer networks.


What is permeability in sand casting?

This allows the gases and steam to escape from the mold during casting. The grain size, shape and distribution of the foundry sand, the type and quantity of bonding materials, the density to which the sand is rammed, and the percentage of moisture used for tempering the sand are important factors in regulating the degree of permeability.


Why does the ITU-R only regulate lower frequencies up to some hundred GHz and not higher frequencies in the THz range?

Because of their higher reach. And thus, military applications and others should be free to use them regardless of the country or region where they are transmitted. Higher frequencies have a much lower reach, since their wavelength is lower, and so there's sense in regulating them. Besides, lower frequencies implies lower data transmission rates, and hence its lower importance as well, I'd say!


How is a nerve message different from a hormone message?

A nerve message and a hormone message differ primarily in their speed and method of transmission. Nerve messages, also known as nerve impulses, are electrical signals that travel quickly along neurons, allowing for rapid communication within the nervous system, such as reflex actions or muscle contractions. In contrast, hormone messages involve chemical signaling through the bloodstream, where hormones are released by glands and travel to target organs. Hormonal communication is slower but has longer-lasting effects, regulating processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. While nerve messages are instantaneous and localized, hormone messages are slower and can affect the entire body.