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In 1963, Mitchell Trauring of Hughes Research Lab, published the first paper “Automatic Comparison of Fingerprint Ridge Patterns,” on automated personal identification. In 1975, the FBI began funding the development of scanners and extracting technology. It took decades to develop methods of digital file compression that maintained image quality, classification, extraction of elements and matching (M40 algorithm). In 1994, the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) competition was held. Lockheed Martin was selected to build the IAFIS. The system was to address digital fingerprint acquisition, ridge characteristic extraction and ridge characteristic pattern matching. Aside from the development of software applications that read fingerprints or other permanent traits, the first use of cataloguing of fingerprints was by Juan Vucetich in 1891 in Argentina. Later, criminal identification based on physical elements (anthropometry) by Aphonse Bertillon, of France, improved the practice. Later, in the mid-1800s, Francis Galton created a fingerprint classification system. The Henry Classification system was used from the late 1800s to sort fingerprints by physiological characteristics. Named for Sir Edward Henry, it was developed in British India with Hem Chandra Bose and Azizul Haque.

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