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The distinction between database schema and database state is very important. When we define a new database, we specify its database schema only to the DBMS. At this point, the corresponding database state is the empty state with no data. We get the initial state of the database when the database is first populated or loaded with the initial data. From then on, every time an update operation is applied to the database, we get another database state. At any point in time, the database has a current state. The DBMS is partly responsible for ensuring that every state of the database is a valid state-that is, a state that satisfies the structure and constraints specified in the schema. The DBMS stores the descriptions of the schema constructs and constraints-also called the meta-data-in the DBMS catalog so that DBMS software can refer to the schema whenever it needs to. The schema is sometimes called the intension, and a database state an extension of the schema.

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