that gives you 16 subnets with 14 usable IPs for hosts that is because one is for subnet and one for broadcas in that subnet
for example: 192.168.1.0/28 - subnet number
192.168.1.15 -broadcast number
usable IPs for hosts - IPs between them that is 14
5 bits are necessary to create up to 30 subnets.
When you borrow bits for a subnet you are intruding into the client portion of an IP address. As a result, you will lose clients in your network because the "borrowed" portion becomes the extended network prefix. This allows you to separate your bigger network into smaller, logical networks (subnets). The number of bits borrowed will indicate the total number of smaller subnets that you can support in your network. In each case, regardless of class of address, borrowing 4 bits gives a total of 14 subnets (in the classical sense) and 16 subnets (in Cisco).
3
3
Default Gateways
The IP address 172.30.0.0 is a private IP address in the Class B range, which has a default subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 (or /16). If you use the default mask, you can create 65,536 addresses (2^16), allowing for 65,534 usable hosts per subnet (subtracting 2 for the network and broadcast addresses). If you further subnet this address, the number of subnets and hosts per subnet will depend on the subnet mask you choose. For example, using a /24 subnet mask would give you 256 subnets with 254 usable hosts in each.
192 is equal to 2 bits borrowed 2^2 = 4 the number of subnets and host are 64 because 2 bits borrowed from the 8 bits of a class C network is 6, therfore 2^6 = 64.
To create 8 subnets for the IP address 192.168.1.0, you need to use subnetting. Since 8 subnets require 3 additional bits (as 2^3 = 8), you can take 3 bits from the host part of the default subnet mask (255.255.255.0 or /24). This will change the subnet mask to 255.255.255.224 (/27), allowing for 8 subnets, each with 30 usable host addresses (2^5 - 2 = 30). The resulting subnets will range from 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.224.
When you borrow 3 bits from the host portion of an IP address, you can create (2^3 = 8) valid subnets. However, one subnet is reserved for the network address and another for the broadcast address, leaving you with 6 usable subnets. Thus, by borrowing 3 bits, you obtain 6 valid subnets for use.
At least one.
The default subnet mask has a standard size. The custom subnet mask allows you to make subnets that are smaller or larger than the default.
autosummarization