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In SAP-1 (Simple Asynchronous Processor), instruction execution involves a series of steps. First, the instruction is fetched from memory using the Program Counter (PC), which points to the address of the next instruction. The fetched instruction is then decoded to determine the operation and the operands involved. Finally, the execution phase carries out the operation, which may involve reading from or writing to memory, updating registers, or performing arithmetic operations. This cycle is repeated for each instruction until the program completes.

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