At Layer 3 of the OSI model, hosts are identified using IP addresses, which provide a unique numerical label for each device on a network. An IP address consists of a network portion, which identifies the specific network, and a host portion, which identifies the individual device within that network. This structure allows routers to efficiently route packets of data between different networks and hosts. Additionally, IPv4 and IPv6 are the two primary versions of IP addresses used in networking today.
Hosts on different networks communicate using a layer-3 address (layer 3 in the OSI reference model). In the networks used today, that would normally be an IP address.
Data Link Layer
layer 4 - transport layer
A network layer is not needed if both the hosts are in the same network. A data link layer can be used in such cases.
There are in total seven layers in OSI model . OSI model layer that is responsible for the termination of connections between hosts is session layer . Session layer is responsible for the dialog control .
In MikroTik RouterOS, Layer-3 communication between two hosts can be achieved using an address subnet of at least a /30 (255.255.255.252) for point-to-point links or larger subnets like /24 (255.255.255.0) for networks with multiple hosts. Each host must have a unique IP address within the same subnet, and they must be correctly configured with the appropriate gateway settings. Proper routing must also be established to facilitate communication between the hosts.
Hub and Swithc
distribution
The skin has three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and can be identified by its thin, protective barrier. The dermis is the middle layer and contains blood vessels and nerves, which can be identified by its thickness and elasticity. The subcutis is the innermost layer and is made up of fat and connective tissue, which can be identified by its softness and insulation properties.
Application layer
switch,hub.
A Hub or a Switch