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On the most basic level, the keyboard is a collection of momentary switches. Each time you press a key down, you close one of these contacts. When you lift the key, the contact opens again. The electrical contacts are read and interpreted in the keyboard. Circuit logic within then determines which key was pressed or released. Finally, translation logic converts this information into a useable format which is then sent down the keyboard's wire (and/or wireless channel) and into the keyboard's connected bus. While in the old days keyboards had a dedicated low-bandwidth bus for this purpose, most keyboards these day employ the Universal Serial Bus, which defines how keyboards are supposed to operate. Either way, the computer receives the information from the keyboard through the bus which tells it what you just typed.

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