Integrated circuits, micro-processors, mini computers. (???)
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It's an integrated circuit with (almost) all the functions of a processor designed into one chip.
Anywhere from zero up to as many needed. A supercomputer is not defined by number of processors, but by processing speed (however achieved), typically measured in FLOPS (FLoating point Operations Per Second) although there are other measures. Normally to be called a supercomputer it must have a processing speed at least an order of magnitude faster than the fastest commonly available computers available when it is introduced.
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An Airbus aircraft, such as the A350, contains hundreds of processors that manage various systems, including flight control, navigation, and in-flight entertainment. These processors are integrated into multiple systems and components, including avionics, engines, and cabin management systems. The exact number can vary depending on the aircraft model and configuration, but it's common for modern commercial jets to have upwards of a thousand processors in total.
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Supercomputers are the fastest, most powerful computers designed to tackle complex problems requiring vast amounts of computer time. Two types of supercomputer exist. One type has several extremely complex and expensive processors that carry out computations serially, one at a time. Performing billions of operations per second, they are being overshadowed by a second type called massively parallel supercomputing. This system has thousands of simple, inexpensive processors connected in parallel. A computational problem is divided into parts, with portions assigned simultaneously to various processors. The individual processors calculate subtotals and send them to a central processor for combining. The articles below provide information on supercomputers, development and history of the supercomputer.
The IBM Roadrunner, which was the world's first petaflop supercomputer, was built in 2008 at a cost of approximately $100 million. This investment covered the hardware, development, and installation costs. Roadrunner was notable for its innovative use of cell processors and x86 processors, significantly advancing computing performance at the time.
Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s and were designed primarily by Seymour Crayat Control Data Corporation (CDC), and later at Cray Research. While the supercomputers of the 1970s used only a few processors, in the 1990s, machines with thousands of processors began to appear and by the end of the 20th century, massively parallel supercomputers with tens of thousands of "off-the-shelf" processors were the norm.Source From Wikipedia Kv111
S. Y. Kung has written: 'VLSI array processors' -- subject(s): Array processors, Design and construction, Integrated circuits, Signal processing, Very large scale integration
i think latest supercomputer is "road runner".