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What is mutually exclusive?
It is one of thecharacteristics of deadlock. When semaphores are used or mutual exclusion, the semaphore has an initial value of 1, and P() is called before the critical section, and V() is called after the critical section as shown below : semaphore-> P(); critical section semaphore-> V(); remainder section let us suppose that one process A is already executing its critical section then it implies that semaphore value at that time is zero. If process B now tries to enter this critical section , it cannot enter the critical section because it will have to wait before semaphore becomes greater than zero. This is possible only when process A executes its signal operation; after executing its critical section.
Advantages and disadvantages of semaphore in os?
Advantage of semaphore is simplicity. Disadvantage of semaphore is more prone to programmer error. It does not guarantee that if programmer misplace the P and V then it will also work correctly. It may occur deadlock or violation of mutual exclusion due to programmer error.
What is the difference among deadlock avoidance detection and prevention?
Deadlock prevention is the name of the technique that is designed to get rid of deadlocks by changing the specifications of the system , that is the system design change. This is , basically , about how requests about resources are made and how they are permitted. However , deadlock avoidance is a technique that aims to check deadlock possibility dynamically and decides whether it is safe to grant a resource or not. It ,definitely , needs extra information about potential use of resources for each process. Deadlock Prevention: Preventing deadlocks by constraining how requests for resources can be made in the system and how they are handled (system design). The goal is to ensure that at least one of the necessary conditions for deadlock can never hold. Deadlock Avoidance: The system dynamically considers every request and decides whether it is safe to grant it at this point, The system requires additional apriori information regarding the overall potential use of each resource for each process. Allows more concurrency. Similar to the difference between a traffic light and a police officer directing traffic.
What is an application thread deadlock?
A deadlock usually occurs when there are multiple threads running. Let us say there are 3 threads A, B and C running.A is holding resources X and is currently for the resource Y to complete the operation. B is holding resources Y and is waiting for resource Z to complete. C is holding Z and is waiting for X to complete. This is called a deadlock, All the 3 threads are waiting on some resources that are being held by other waiting threads. This causes an indefinite waiting which is termed as a Deadlock
What is deadlock and explain it?
A deadlock is when both sides can't agree on a decision or when something is stuck and can't move. In technology, a deadlock is a situation where a group of processes are permanently blocked as a result of each process having acquired a subset of the resources needed for its completion and waiting for release of the remaining resources held by others in the same group-thus making it impossible for any of the process to proceed.
Can deadlock be resolved without selecting a victim?
Yes, deadlock can be resolved by avoiding the conditions that lead to it, breaking the circular wait, or using deadlock prevention techniques like resource allocation graph, timeouts, or priority-based techniques. In some cases, deadlock can also be prevented by ensuring a single thread holds all resources simultaneously or by using a deadlock detection algorithm to preemptively handle it.
Is it possible to occur deadlock in one process during rsource allocation?
No, deadlock occurs when two or more processes are waiting for resources held by each other, leading to a stalemate. In a single process, there is no contention for resources between different processes, so deadlock cannot occur.
What are the conditions that determine the transition between safe and unsafe states in a deadlock situation?
The transition between safe and unsafe states in a deadlock situation is determined by the availability of resources needed by processes to progress. When resources are not available, processes may become deadlocked, leading to an unsafe state.
How does deadlock differ from starvation?
Deadlock occurs when two or more processes are waiting for each other to release resources that they need to proceed, resulting in a standstill. Starvation, on the other hand, happens when a process is continually denied necessary resources (such as CPU time or memory) and cannot progress, even though resources are being allocated to other processes.
What are the various strategies are used to handle deadlock and what is centralized and distributed deadlock detection and prevention?
There are four strategies of dealing with deadlock problem:1. The Ostrich ApproachJust ignore the deadlock problem altogether.2. Deadlock Detection and RecoveryDetect deadlock and, when it occurs, take steps to recover.3. Deadlock AvoidanceAvoid deadlock by careful resource scheduling.4. Deadlock PreventionPrevent deadlock by resource scheduling so as to negate at least one of the four conditions.
What is difference between starvation and deadlock in os?
DEADLOCK:1) Deadlock process is permanently blocked because the required resource never becomes available.2) The resource under contention is not in continuous use.STARVATION:1) In starvation, it is not certain that a process will ever get the requested resources.2) the resource under contention is in continuous use.
How deadlock can be prevented?
Deadlock can be prevented by using techniques such as enforcing a strict ordering of resource requests, implementing a timeout mechanism that releases resources if they are not available within a certain time frame, using resource preemption to forcibly take resources from one process to allocate to another, or designing systems that minimize the possibility of circular wait conditions. Additionally, avoiding the use of multiple resources at the same time or reducing resource contention can also help prevent deadlock.
