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Character-oriented protocols are also known as byte oriented protocols. They are used in variable size framing by the Data link layer for data link control.
Data are 8-bit characters encoded in ASCII. Along with the header and the trailer, 2 flags are included in each frame (beginning and end of frame) to separate it from other frames. These flags are protocol dependent characters.
The important issue is how to differentiate when the data in the frame is the same as the flag? This means that how is the Receiver going to know that the frame content is actually the data not the flag?
A solution is to use a process called BYTE STUFFING. An extra byte is added to the data section of the frame, where the character sequence is the same as the flag. This is usually the escape character: ESC.
Of course if the data section also includes same sequence of characters as ESC another ESC character will be added to tell the receiver which section is data.
At receiver's end, this data section will be removed and be treated as a piece of data.
Clearly, this procedure does not account for 16-bit or 32-bit characters we use today, so we rely on bit-stuffing protocols (mostly).
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