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What is achieved by the encapsulation process at the network layer?
By encapsulation process data is put in a nutshell with all basic protocol information at each and every OSI layer. During this phase of network layer each layer conveys and exchange information to its neighboring layer. This is done utilizing Protocol Data Units.
The Application layer separates data into or discrete amounts of data?
PDU (protocol data units) -Yuriy-
What is the smallest unit of data transfer over a network?
The units that network traffic is sent in depends on the layer of the network you are talking about, and potentially on the technology being used.For example, Ethernet uses Frames.Internet Protocol (IP) uses Packets.Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) uses Cells.
What are the two protocols used in the transport layer?
TCP and UDP Correct: UDP (User Data-gram Protocol) is a communications protocol that offers a limited amount of service when messages are exchanged between computers in a network that uses the Internet Protocol. UDP provides two services not provided by the IP layer. It provides port numbers to help distinguish different user requests and, optionally, a checksum capability to verify that the data arrived intact. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a set of rules (protocol) used along with the Internet Protocol (IP) to send data in the form of message units between computers over the Internet. While IP takes care of handling the actual delivery of the data, TCP takes care of keeping track of the individual units of data (called packets) that a message is divided into for efficient routing through the Internet. (TCP/IP) is the know definition by most.
Which layer encapsulates segment into packets?
TRANSPORT LAYERThe transport layer ensures that messages are delivered error-free, in sequence, and with no losses or duplications. It relieves the higher layer protocols from any concern with the transfer of data between them and their peers.The size and complexity of a transport protocol depends on the type of service it can get from the network layer. For a reliable network layer with virtual circuit capability, a minimal transport layer is required. If the network layer is unreliable and/or only supports datagrams, the transport protocol should include extensive error detection and recovery.The transport layer provides:Message segmentation: accepts a message from the (session) layer above it, splits the message into smaller units (if not already small enough), and passes the smaller units down to the network layer. The transport layer at the destination station reassembles the message.Message acknowledgment: provides reliable end-to-end message delivery with acknowledgments.Message traffic control: tells the transmitting station to "back-off" when no message buffers are available.Session multiplexing: multiplexes several message streams, or sessions onto one logical link and keeps track of which messages belong to which sessions (see session layer).Typically, the transport layer can accept relatively large messages, but there are strict message size limits imposed by the network (or lower) layer. Consequently, the transport layer must break up the messages into smaller units, or frames, prepending a header to each frame.The transport layer header information must then include control information, such as message start and message end flags, to enable the transport layer on the other end to recognize message boundaries. In addition, if the lower layers do not maintain sequence, the transport header must contain sequence information to enable the transport layer on the receiving end to get the pieces back together in the right order before handing the received message up to the layer above.Network Layer
Which layer encapsulates the segments into packets?
TRANSPORT LAYERThe transport layer ensures that messages are delivered error-free, in sequence, and with no losses or duplications. It relieves the higher layer protocols from any concern with the transfer of data between them and their peers.The size and complexity of a transport protocol depends on the type of service it can get from the network layer. For a reliable network layer with virtual circuit capability, a minimal transport layer is required. If the network layer is unreliable and/or only supports datagrams, the transport protocol should include extensive error detection and recovery.The transport layer provides:Message segmentation: accepts a message from the (session) layer above it, splits the message into smaller units (if not already small enough), and passes the smaller units down to the network layer. The transport layer at the destination station reassembles the message.Message acknowledgment: provides reliable end-to-end message delivery with acknowledgments.Message traffic control: tells the transmitting station to "back-off" when no message buffers are available.Session multiplexing: multiplexes several message streams, or sessions onto one logical link and keeps track of which messages belong to which sessions (see session layer).Typically, the transport layer can accept relatively large messages, but there are strict message size limits imposed by the network (or lower) layer. Consequently, the transport layer must break up the messages into smaller units, or frames, prepending a header to each frame.The transport layer header information must then include control information, such as message start and message end flags, to enable the transport layer on the other end to recognize message boundaries. In addition, if the lower layers do not maintain sequence, the transport header must contain sequence information to enable the transport layer on the receiving end to get the pieces back together in the right order before handing the received message up to the layer above.Network Layer
Which encapsulates segment into packets?
TRANSPORT LAYERThe transport layer ensures that messages are delivered error-free, in sequence, and with no losses or duplications. It relieves the higher layer protocols from any concern with the transfer of data between them and their peers.The size and complexity of a transport protocol depends on the type of service it can get from the network layer. For a reliable network layer with virtual circuit capability, a minimal transport layer is required. If the network layer is unreliable and/or only supports datagrams, the transport protocol should include extensive error detection and recovery.The transport layer provides:Message segmentation: accepts a message from the (session) layer above it, splits the message into smaller units (if not already small enough), and passes the smaller units down to the network layer. The transport layer at the destination station reassembles the message.Message acknowledgment: provides reliable end-to-end message delivery with acknowledgments.Message traffic control: tells the transmitting station to "back-off" when no message buffers are available.Session multiplexing: multiplexes several message streams, or sessions onto one logical link and keeps track of which messages belong to which sessions (see session layer).Typically, the transport layer can accept relatively large messages, but there are strict message size limits imposed by the network (or lower) layer. Consequently, the transport layer must break up the messages into smaller units, or frames, prepending a header to each frame.The transport layer header information must then include control information, such as message start and message end flags, to enable the transport layer on the other end to recognize message boundaries. In addition, if the lower layers do not maintain sequence, the transport header must contain sequence information to enable the transport layer on the receiving end to get the pieces back together in the right order before handing the received message up to the layer above.Network Layer
What is tunneling protocal?
Tunneling, also known as "port forwarding," is the transmission of data intended for use only within a private, usually corporate network through a public network in such a way that the routing node in the public network are unaware that the transmission is part of a private network. Tunneling is generally done by encapsulating the private network data and protocol information within the public network transmission units so that the private network protocol information appears to the public network as data. Tunneling allows the use of the Internet, which is a public network, to convey data on behalf of a private network.
What layer arrange signals into logical units of information called frame?
Layer 2 or the 'Data' layer of the OSI model encapsulates either 'bits' from the physical layer (1)- moving up the TCP stack or 'Packets' from the Network layer (3)- going down the the stack. 7 - Application Layer DATA 6 - Presentation Layer DATA 5 - Session Layer DATA 4 - Transport Layer SEGMENT 3 - Network Layer PACKET 2 - Data Layer (Incorporating LLC and MAC) FRAME 1 - Physical Layer BIT A good nmemonic for remembering the data encapsulation in the OSI model is 'Don't Some Peolple Fry Bacon' - Data, Segments, Packets, Bits.
When STP has placed a port in the blocked state this port?
When STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) places a port in the blocked state, it effectively disables the port to prevent network loops. This means the port will not forward any traffic, ensuring that data packets do not circulate endlessly in the network. The blocked port listens for STP bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) to detect changes in the network topology and can transition to a forwarding state if necessary. This mechanism helps maintain a loop-free network environment.
Is ICMP a connection oriented protocol?
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a set of rules (protocol) used along with the Internet Protocol (IP) to send data in the form of message units between computers over the Internet. While IP takes care of handling the actual delivery of the data, TCP takes care of keeping track of the individual units of data (called packets) that a message is divided into for efficient routing through the Internet. For example, when an HTML file is sent to you from a Web server, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) program layer in that server divides the file into one or more packets, numbers the packets, and then forwards them individually to the IP program layer. Although each packet has the same destination IP address, it may get routed differently through the network. At the other end (the client program in your computer), TCP reassembles the individual packets and waits until they have arrived to forward them to you as a single file. TCP is known as a connection-oriented protocol, which means that a connection is established and maintained until such time as the message or messages to be exchanged by the application programs at each end have been exchanged. TCP is responsible for ensuring that a message is divided into the packets that IP manages and for reassembling the packets back into the complete message at the other end. In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communication model, TCP is in layer 4, the Transport Layer. *This answer was taken from http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP
What are the main functions of each layer of OSI model?
layer 7- Application layer layer 6- Presentation layer layer 5- Session layer layer 4-Transport layer layer 3-Network layer layer 2- Data Link layer layer 1- Physical layer
