Solar activity (sunspots in particular), atmospheric conditions, distance, and geography between transmitters and receivers.
Line-of-sight propagation is also said as electro-magnetic radiation or acoustic wave propagation. This includes light emissions traveling in a straight line.
The main problems of signal propagation include absorption, scattering, and reflection which can cause attenuation and signal degradation. Radio waves do not always follow a straight path due to factors like obstacles, atmospheric conditions, and interference, leading to signal loss and distortion. Reflection is useful in communication for extending coverage range through bouncing signals off surfaces, but it can also create multipath interference and echo effects, leading to signal distortion and quality degradation.
Isotropic propagation refers to transmission when the electromagnetic radiation radiate uniformly in all direction in the shape of "sphere" (assuming free-space physical model). Such radio propagation is also known as "omni-directional".
In wireless communications, fading is deviation or the attenuation that a carrier-modulated telecommunication signal experiences over certain propagation media.
The unit vector n that points in the direction of propagation is a vector with a magnitude of 1 that indicates the direction in which a wave or signal is moving.
Osmotic pressure. Trans-membrane voltage potential. Rapid signal propagation.
A: A transistor when is switched on there are delay caused by junction capacitance turning it off these same capacitance must be discharges causing delays in total response it is constant situation however as frequency increases it becomes troublesome
The propagation constant represents the rate at which an electromagnetic wave travels in a medium. It is a complex number that includes both the phase shift and attenuation of the wave as it propagates through the medium. The real part of the propagation constant indicates the phase change, while the imaginary part represents the attenuation of the signal.
There are three primary types of propagation: sexual propagation, asexual propagation, and micropropagation. Sexual propagation involves the use of seeds or spores to create new plants, while asexual propagation uses plant parts like cuttings, grafting, or division to create new plants. Micropropagation involves growing plants from small plant parts in a laboratory setting.
An electrical signal in a neuron used to send messages in the body is called an action potential. This signal is generated by the flow of ions across the neuron's membrane when it reaches a certain threshold, leading to the propagation of the signal along the neuron.
Ground wave propagation becomes less suitable for higher frequencies because the signal tends to be absorbed by the ground more efficiently, resulting in shorter range and reduced coverage. At higher frequencies, signals are more likely to be affected by atmospheric conditions and obstacles, making ground wave propagation less reliable compared to other propagation methods like line-of-sight or ionospheric propagation.
Magnetic fields can affect the propagation of radio waves by causing them to bend or refract as they travel through the atmosphere. This can result in changes to the direction and strength of the radio waves, impacting communication and signal quality.