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An argument is something inside the brackets of a function that is needed for it to work. An optional argument is an argument that can be left out, in which case a default value is often used. So the function will work with or without the optional argument.

For example, if you are using the MATCH function you must specify what it is searching for and the range it is searching in. Those two arguments have to be put in, or it won't work. You can also specify what way it searches, using an optional argument. The MATCH function will find the largest value that is less than or equal to what you searching for if you put in 1, with the values in ascending order. Putting in 0 means it must find an exact match. It will find the smallest value that is less than or equal to what you searching for if you put in -1, with values having to be in descending order. If you leave it out completely, it uses 1 as the default.

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