A disk of gas ad dust that forms round a proto-star as the star coalesces at the center and from which planets accurate.
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it is exactly protoplanetary disk.
By "accretion" of "planetesimals" from the "protoplanetary disk".
A protoplanetary disk.
As best we know, the same way all the other planets did: accretion of objects in a protoplanetary disk.
Far enough from the new Sun that they did not "evaporate". In other words, towards the outer rim of the main part of the disk.
The moon is a natural satellite that revolves around the earth. It is believed that the moon formed out of a collapsing region of the protoplanetary disk.
Jupiter is the biggest simply because it got the most stuff out of the "protoplanetary" disk from which the planets formed.
The prograde rotation of the collapsing cloud of gas and dust results in conservation of angular momentum, causing the material to flatten into a disk shape. This disk of material, known as a protoplanetary disk, is where planets are thought to form through the process of accretion and gravitational interactions.
That depends what the disk is forming round. If it is a large black hole it will form a quasar, if it is round a star, it will form planets (a solar system).
The protostellar disk is very hot and only rocks and metal can combine together in that heat, so that makes the inner planets. In the outer disk it is very cold, so there are only ice and dust particles able to combine together, there are though rock centers in the outer planets but ice and gas make up the majority: that makes the outer planets.
Temperature differences in the protoplanetary disk can lead to variations in the composition and distribution of materials, impacting the formation of different types of planets. For instance, inner, hotter regions may favor the formation of rocky planets, while outer, colder regions may support the formation of gas giants. These temperature variations can influence the presence of volatile elements and compounds in different parts of the disk, which in turn affects the types of planets that can form.
No. Earth was formed by the accretion of material in the protoplanetary disk around the newly formed sun. Black holes were not involved.