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To answer this, it helps to know the history behind this. Early computer components were connected in an ad-hoc fashion. The different components were connected by labeled bundles of cables. From there, the engineers began to standardize these bundles wires and move them to circuit board traces, thus creating the backplane concept. Backplanes can be standalone or part of a motherboard. Backplanes resembled what the electrical industry called bus bars and which were already used in calculators. From there, ICs were developed which standardized the system bus even more. Different manufacturers could use the same basic components.

Upgradable computers have what is called an expansion bus or peripheral bus. While that is technically a "system bus," a system bus could include the traces traveling from the CPU to the chipset (particularly the "Northbridge" in computers not using CPUs with an integrated memory controller). Or it could include the traces between the memory and the memory controller (if one is used) or the CPU. So there are multiple system buses in a computer.

There is also such a thing as a "local bus," and that is when there are traces directly between the CPU and the peripherals (VESA Local Bus, for instance). While AGP sockets in computers with those communicated with the CPU rather than the chipset, that was technically not local bus since AGP operated independently of the CPU and had their own clock rate derived from the CPU clock.
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12y ago

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