"Malware" is short for "malicious software" - computer programs designed to infiltrate and damage computers without the users consent. "Malware" is the general term covering all the different types of threats to your computer safety such as viruses, spyware, worms, trojans, rootkits and so on.
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The oldest known mode of malware infection is infected floppy disks. In the early days of computing, malware was spread by physically sharing floppy disks that contained malicious code. One of the first known examples is the Brain virus from 1986, which spread via floppy disks and infected the boot sector of MS-DOS systems. While outdated today, it laid the foundation for modern malware techniques that evolved into email, web-based, and network-driven attacks.
Destructive computer code is known as malware
Anti-malware software can work by using one or combination of multiple techniques to detect malware. 1. Checksums: They can use a technique known as checksums. The anti-malware program cross-references the size of the scanned file from the previous boot and compares it with its current size. If the file is larger than it was before, than the anti-malware program suspects a virus or another type of malware. 2. Detection from database: The anti-malware program uses a database full of the "signature" of every known malware agent. The anti-malware program scans each file and compares its contents with the signature of the known malware agent. If it finds a match, it flags the file as infected and attempts to disinfect it, quarantine it, or remove it. 3. Heuristics: The most advanced technique is something called heuristics analysis. The anti-malware program monitors the computer system constantly and attempts to find any malware-like activity, like changes to the registry, the size of a file changes, a program is installed, etc. 4. Sandboxing: An AM sometimes let the program install but it will put it into a remote area from where it will be monitored first. If it doesn't show any malicious behavior, the AM will allow the program to run outside that remote area but if it shows any malicious behavior, AM will terminate the program. This is what secure hunter anti malware did on my PC running on Windows 8.
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Malware do not download
One may find free anti-malware programs all over the Internet. However, one must exercise much caution, because many are illegitimate. The only legitimately free anti-malware program that is widely-known and trusted is AVG's.
A free malware removal tool helps you identify and remove malware from your computer
malware
A computer virus is heavily dependent on user action to spread. It typically requires the user to open an infected file, run a program, or enable a macro for it to execute and propagate. Unlike worms, which spread automatically, viruses rely on human interaction.
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Viruses are a kind of malware. Malware is basically, as the name suggests, malicious software that can affect your computer. There are some easy to understand sources about what is malware and viruses in the related links.