A Turing machine is a machine that can perform any possible computation, and emulate any real world computer, except other Turing machines.
A Universal Turing machine however, is a theoretical machine that could even emulate Turing Machines.
In actuallity they're both the same, since if you fed the tape from a Turing machine into another Turing machine, the second would in essence be emulating the first.
Its also useful to note that Turing machines aren't really "machines" per se, but actually models of the process of computation itself.
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One Turing machine, with fixed set of transitions, which can simulate any Turing machine, including itself, and thus can compute anything computable
bits generated by a Universal Turing Machine
The purpose of a Turing test is to determine a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior that is indistinguishable from that of a human. It tests whether a machine can successfully imitate a human to the extent that another human interacting with it cannot differentiate between the two.
No, and no.
Jon Agar has written: 'Turing and the Universal Machine'
Turing machine state diagrams are visual representations of the transitions between states in a Turing machine. They typically consist of circles representing states and arrows indicating the transitions between them. An example of a Turing machine state diagram could be one that shows the transitions between states for a machine that adds 1 to a binary number.
If you mean Turing machine with two colors, then there is infinite number of such machines. There are machines with 43, 18, 5 and 3 states, but trivially we can made machine with more states
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Imagine two people, intelligent person A and thick person B. Both are Turing testing a machine. Person B, being thick, cannot tell that it is a machine. The Turing Test says that the machine is still thinking. Person A can see through it and can tell the difference between its responses and those of someone who is actually thinking. So the Turing Test says the machine is not thinking. So it is and it isn't thinking, a clear contradiction and thus the Turing Test cannot be correct.
The Turing machine was invented in 1936 by British mathematician Alan Turing.
Yes, the difference between decidable and recognizable languages in theoretical computer science is clear to me. Decidable languages can be recognized by a Turing machine that always halts and gives a definite answer, while recognizable languages can be recognized by a Turing machine that may not always halt, but will give a positive answer for strings in the language.