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3) The telephone is ubiquitous. However, the reality is that 80% of the world's populations have limited access to one. To make a telephone call, one simply picks up the handset, enters a number, and waits for the system to perform its magic. The office acknowledges the request for service by sending dial tone. The telephone line goes to a terminal block in a service area interface. These are often located on a pole or small enclosure on the street. The service area interface bundles the subscriber drop cables into a single larger cable. These are in turn gathered together to form larger feeder cables. The entire wiring system somewhat resembles a huge tree. Cables coming out of a central office may have hundreds or even thousands of pairs bundled together however by the time the cable gets to the end user, it is generally down to about 50 pairs. An individual subscriber consists of many cable sections spliced together. Bellcore claims that the average U.S. subscriber line has twenty-two splices. Lifting the handset from its cradle releases a hook switch and causes a dc current to flow (20 - 120 ma). To the average person, the telephone system is simply a 'black box'. Relatively few people need to know how the PSTN works. The main consideration is that it works, and is relatively inexpensive.

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