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In IPv4, which is the current standard for IP addressing, an IP address is 32 bits. The most commonly used format is called dotted decimal, which means that the 32 bits is broken into 4 octets of 8 bits each, and represented with their decimal equivalent separated by decimal points. Since the decimal equivalent of an octet ranges between 0 and 255, this means that an IP address ranges from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. However, not all addresses are valid1.

In IPv6, which is the new emerging standard, an IP address is 128 bits. The most commonly used format is hexadecimal colon format, where each group of 16 bits is represented by four hexadecimal digits and separated by a colon. Sequential groups of 16 zeroes are represented by two colons. An example IPv6 address is 2001:0DB8:AC10:FE01:0000:0000:0000:0000, which can be abbreviated 2001:0DB8:AC10:FE01::.

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1Generally, the lowest address in a subnet is reserved for routing, and the highest address in a subnet is reserved for broadcast. Also, there are some special addresses, with reserved meanings.

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