Encryption.
Any mathematical process is an algorithm.
An encryption algorithm is a mathematical procedure used to transform plaintext into ciphertext to protect data confidentiality. It defines the method for encrypting and decrypting information. In contrast, a key is a piece of information used by the algorithm to perform the encryption and decryption processes; it determines the specific output of the algorithm. Together, the algorithm and key ensure that only authorized parties can access the original data.
Algorithm
An algorithm, perhaps.
A set of steps used to solve a mathematical computation.
Algorithms are basically sequences of instructions to solve a problem or to perform a calculation. A logarithm is a specific mathematical concept. For more information on each, look at the sites listed below: Algorithms: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm Logarithms: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm
The definition of "standard algorithm" is that it is a mathematical method used to solve problems such as addition, substraction, division, and multiplication.
algorithm
It is called a recipe. The mathematical analogy is an algorithm.
One can demonstrate the correctness of an algorithm by using mathematical proofs and testing it with various inputs to ensure it produces the expected output consistently.
hash, cypher, algorithm, private key
A monitor is the "gateway" to your computer. It is the output of your computer. E.g. a mathematical formula has an input, an output and an algorithm. The keyboard & mouse is the input, the computer is the algorithm, and the monitor is the output.