partitioning
Interleaving.
reed memory
Low-level formatting
It splits information in pieces and writes it in different parts of a hard drive. This is one of reason where the fragmentation comes from.
SECTOR!
The smallest storage access unit on an IDE hard drive is a sector.
The first sector on the Hard Drive
A sector has a fixed size; it will always be 512 bytes. A cluster can be as small as one sector, and can be as big as it needs to be.
The head.
The reserved are consists of the volume boot sector, often abbreviated as simply boot sector.
BIOS setup
It is spelled 'hard drive'. Considering the nature of a hard drive, you might say "both". All hard drives provide input and output. Input is performed when your operating system reads a sector looking for data or a program. Output is performed when your operating system writes to the hard drive to swap or store data.