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Raster images, aka bitmaps, specify the colour of every pixel. Vector images specify the lines on the image and how to colour the image. This is usually much less information. Straight lines only need the start and end points, curved lines need twice that if they are bezier curves but that's still not a lot. Colouring is basically an instruction to flood fill a colour at a specific point, although you can also do various shading patterns. None of these take up much space though.

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