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Fragmentation is when files are stored in small pieces scattered all over the storage medium. In spinning disk technology the read head has to move around to find and read each piece. This fragmentation makes the reading of files take longer. When the data is defragmented it is stored all in a row and the read head can find the data much faster.

Note that flash memory technology has no moving parts and doesn't suffer from fragmentation slow down. In most cases the data is actually purposefully fragmented for wear leveling, increasing the durability of each read/write element.

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