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4-20ma is a standard range used in process controls to indicate measured values. For instance, a pressure instrument may output 4ma to indicate 0 psi, up to 20 ma to indicate 100 psi, or full scale. Or, to control a variable-speed motor drive, 4 ma may mean to stop the motor, and 20 ma to run at full speed. The reason that 4ma is chosen instead of zero is for fail safe operation. A broken wire always results in 0 ma. Suppose our signal right now is 12 ma, and this causes a ventilation fan to run at 50% speed. Suddenly the signal drops to 0 ma. Now, if our range was 0-20 ma, does this change mean stop the fan? Or does it mean the signal wire just broke? There would be no way to tell. With a 4 ma low range, we would know that 0 ma was a broken wire. Then instead of stopping the fan, we could set it to some default speed, or simply continue at the previous speed until the wire was repaired.

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