If you say 'I taste the difference' then 'taste' is the present tense. If you say 'I will taste the difference' then it's the future tense, although strictly speaking the word requires 'will' to go before it in this instance.
No, although they are similar to linking verbs when they modify a noun. Prepositions connect a noun or noun form (the object) to a noun or verb that the object modifies. Prepositions are a separate word class from verbs.
The noun form for the verbs disagree or disagreeing is disagreement.
The noun form could be the unusual form "billowiness." (Unfortunately, you cannot use "billowing" correctly as a verbal noun, as you can with other verbs.)
The word commence is a verb; verbs don't have companion nouns. The noun form is commencement.
The noun routines is a plural, common, abstract noun; the singular form is a routine. Transitive is a term for verbs, not for nouns.
No, it is an adverb. It can modify verbs and adjectives. The noun and adjective form is "expert."
Training is a collective noun, it has no plural form. It is used in the singular form and verbs are conjugated accordingly.
The word taste can be a concrete noun for the particular taste of a food or drink: it is being sensed. For taste as in a sense of fashion, it is an abstract noun, but can also be represented by the abstract noun tastefulness.
Heredity is a noun and does not have a past tense form. Only verbs have tenses.
Vocabularies is the plural form of vocabulary, which is not a verb, it's a noun, a word for a thing.
No, it's a noun. It's only verbs that have a past tense.
No, it is not a linking verb, as it does not directly pair the subject with an object or predicate adjective. Here are verbs that either are (*), or may be, linking verbs: appear be* become* feel get go grow look prove remain seem* smell sound taste turn