anasazi
Pueblos initially began as simple, communal dwellings made from adobe, which is a mixture of clay, straw, and water. These structures were often built into cliffs or on mesas, providing natural protection and utilizing local materials. Over time, pueblos evolved into more complex, multi-storied buildings that housed entire communities, reflecting the social and cultural development of the Indigenous peoples of the American Southwest. The architecture also adapted to incorporate features for agriculture, storage, and ceremonial purposes.
Hopi villages built on top of mesas are called "pueblos." These structures, often made of adobe and stone, are designed to provide defense and protection from the elements. The elevated locations allow for strategic visibility and access to resources, reflecting the Hopi people's deep connection to their environment and culture.
Mountains, plateaus, mesas, canyons, cliffs, waterfalls, hills, etc.
One reason the Puebloans might have moved their homes from the mesas to alcoves in the cliffs is for better protection against enemies or harsh weather conditions. Living in alcoves provided natural defense and shelter, making their settlements more secure.
the Zuni lived in Puebloans that were built on mesas or on steep canyons
A very long time before a mesa is formed, the ground was flat or with hills. since mesas are mostly where they don't get much water from the sky, they are mostly formed by rivers and runoff such as the rocky mountains which is much higher then mesas in Utah, NM, Colorado and Arizona. Mesas are known for their steep cliffs and flat tops. mesas have run off from wetter seasons. Mesas have a solid Layers of rock from when it use to be flat and pressed each season. The cliffs that people like to climb are from the run off on top of the mesa causing a somewhat of a water fall effect braking rock off into the flash flood caused valleys. That is the best way to describe that I have noticed from remnants I have hiked while living in Utah.
The Hopi villages were built on top of high mesas.
Anasazi
At first they lived in underground homes but as they developed they built their homes in the sides of canyons and mesas
Jack E. Smith has written: 'Mesas, cliffs, and canyons' -- subject(s): Antiquities, Archaeological surveying, Indians of North America, Pueblo Indians
At first they lived in underground homes but as they developed they built their homes in the sides of canyons and mesas
Mesas are a feature of southwestern landscapes and other arid regions. We do not have true mesas in the Massachusetts landscape. You can read more about mesas at the link below.