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1. Infiltration - the fluid or medication is infused outside of the IV into soft tissue due to patient movement, poor placement of the needle or angiocath.

2. Extravasation - the blood leaks from the blood vessel into soft tissue as the vein is injured during the administration of parenteral nutrition

3. Air ambolism - a large colume of air (more than 1mL of air per 1kg of body weight) enters the veins through IV and leads to an abrupt onset of symptoms such as the loss of consciousness

4. Inflammation responses such as phlebitis, thrombophlebitis, and celluitis

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8y ago

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