Farmers feed cows a variety of things,
For a more detailed answer, please see the related question below.
Typically a lactating cow will eat 50% more than a dry cow would. As for energy needs, a lactating cow needs around 15% more energy than dry cows do.
Estrogen does not cause a lactating cow to be lame. Feed that is high in energy and protein (like grain) can cause a cow to founder (or be lame). Injury is also a likely cause for a cow to become lame; a cut that has invited infection will also cause a cow to become lame. But not estrogen.
A cow typically needs 7% (non-lactating cows) to 10% (lactating) of her body weight in water per day.
Nothing, really, except cow's milk comes from lactating cows and human milk comes from lactating women.
If you are referring to when a cow starts to lactate, it's called freshening.
A bred cow or a pregnant cow, or, in the dairy industry, just a cow. In sale barns, if she has a calf at side, she is also referred to as a 3-in-1 or a three-fer or suckling bred cow. If she's lactating, like in a beef or dairy herd, then she's called a nursing bred cow, lactating bred cow or bred lactating/milking dairy cow. If she's not nursing or lactating, she's called a dry bred cow non-lactating pregnant cow if you really want to get technical. In the dairy industry, a lactating heifer that has already had her first calf is referred to as a first-calf heifer; once she has a second calf she is generally referred to as a cow. In the beef industry, a heifer that is pregnant with her first calf is called a bred heifer.
A wet cow, if you're referring to a cow that's been out in the rain. However, it would have a different meaning. For some, a "wet" cow can refer to a cow that is giving milk or lactating, which is opposite of being a "dry" cow. Dry cows are those that are not giving milk.
Yes, some lactating mothers will feed abandoned calves.
There are one of two possibilities: 1) There was not enough nutrition given to the cow during her third trimester, which is crucial if she is to both keep her weight on and start produce milk 2) Lack of adequate nutrition was given to the cow during her lactation period. The amount of good feed that this Jersey cow is given correlates to how much milk she gives. If she is fed poor feed and/or not enough good feed, she will both decrease in milk production and become much thinner than she needs to be. Lactation tends to pull a cow down (or, make her lose weight) much quicker than if she weren't lactating. A lactating cow needs feed that is high in calcium, protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, and minerals and vitamins. NO EXCEPTIONS. You might as well starve her to death if you don't take care of her properly.
Dairy cows, even though they are not lactating, still have higher nutritional demands than dry beef cows, so baleage (a form of silage) is a recommended feed to feed to them.
You cannot make a cow. Feed is to be fed to a cow, not to make one.
A typical cow will be lactating for 6 to 10 months.