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Put simply, fire requires three things to burn: a fuel, heat and oxygen. The fuel is whatever the fire is burning, and this may be something like wood, gasoline, paper, bedsheets, yeah you get the point. It creates its own heat, so that leaves one more: oxygen.

Oxygen is present in the atmosphere, the atmosphere is all around the fire. Oxygen is also a relatively light compared to carbon dioxide, because oxygen is O2 and carbon dioxide has an extra carbon atom in the molecule, CO2. When you release a lot of carbon dioxide, it instantaneously displaces the O2 in the atmosphere, because less dense objects like oxygen will rise. With no oxygen around, the fire extinguishes.

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