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Weather ToolIt is called a radiosonde (or sonde for short) and is attached via a long string (and parachute for the descent) to a weather balloon that is filled with either hydrogen or helium. They are launched globally at least twice daily 00z and 12z (GMT). In the US, they can also be launched at other times in support of severe or other "high impact" weather events such as landfalling hurricanes, etc.

Answer

A radiosonde flight is called a "sounding" and can done at other times as suggested above, if not one-off soundings for severe weather events, usually 06 and 18z. Most radiosondes give temperature, humidity and pressure data, other specialised high altitude sondes measure ozone (and since the sondes are so large, often have a smaller temperature sonde attached so the balloon flight is more useful). Some sondes also measure wind speed and direction via GPS (which doubles the cost of the sonde). Stations which have a windfinding radar use the simpler sondes with a radar target suspended under the balloon for wind data.

Finnish Vaisala sondes have 60 metres of string on an unwinder attached to the sonde. This acts like a "sea anchor" while aloft, stabilising the balloon train in turbulent air, and which keeps the sonde away from the balloon after release both to protect the balloon from the sonde aerial and sensor array, and to ensure that the sonde is passing through air undisturbed by what can be a large spherical object- the balloon.

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