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The instantaneous sound pressure is the deviation from the local ambient pressure po caused by a sound wave at a given location and given instant in time.

The effective sound pressure is the root mean square of the instantaneous sound pressure over a given interval of time (or space).

Total pressure is given by: p-total = po + p-osc

where:

po = local ambient atmospheric (air) pressure,

p-osc = sound pressure deviation.

The standard atmosphere is a unit of pressure and is defined as being equal to po = 101325 Pa.

Sound pressure level (SPL) or sound level is a logarithmic measure of the effective sound pressure of a sound relative to a reference value. It is measured in decibels (dB) above a standard reference level. The commonly used reference sound pressure level in air of 0 dB is equivalent to the sound pressure of p = 20 µPa RMS, which is usually considered the threshold of human hearing at 1 kHz. The threshold of of pain has a level of about 137.5 dB equivalent to a sound pressure of 150 Pa.

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