No. While some very large volcanic eruptions can affect the weather, the euption itself is a geologic event.
No, Mount Laki has not erupted since the 1783 eruption. It is considered to be currently dormant.
Mt. Vesuvius is an active volcano, so there is always a risk of eruption in the future. However, it is closely monitored by volcanologists to provide early warning signs of any potential activity. Emergency plans are in place to protect nearby communities in case of an eruption.