There are several ways, the most popular are:
1) Just like a star affects the motion of a planet so does the planet affect the motion of the star, but only in small degree. Astronomers look at stars and see if they have a periodic shift in their movement and conclude that a planet is causing it.
2) If the orbit of a planet is "edge on", then it will eclipse the star and cause a periodic reduction of its light by up to 2%.
Many other minerals are found in association with quartz.
Near rivers and lakes or near marshy areas.
granite and it is found near volcanoes
the geothermal energy can be found either in the core or near it
near the equator
near other stars or in empty space
Some planets seem brighter - not all of them. Planets are quite near to us, as compared to the stars.
Because the stars are relatively so far away, all planets of this solar system have the same number of stars near them.
Within our solar system at the present time, no. Regarding planets orbiting other stars outside our solar system, our present technology is nowhere near able to tell.
Virtually all of the known planets are near a star. Occasionally, a rougue free floating one will be sighted, but they are rare anomalies.
no, as there is no gas to make noise.
There is not much solid information known about planets in other galaxies. Most planets discovered so far are in our own galaxy. This is because it is easier to discover a relatively near-by planet than one that is much farther away. However, the planets found so far make it likely that in our own Milky Way, and therefore other galaxies as well, have at least as many planets as stars.
they stand for other planets that are orbiting on the sphere
We only know about the number of moons for our own solar system. Technology now lets us see very large planets around other nearby stars. We have found a few near Earth size. However currently we can not detect moons around planets in other solar systems.
Two stars orbiting each other are "binary stars" ...a group of stars near each other, may be formally or informally known as a "cluster".
There are seven of them in our solar system. They all travel in a plane close to the plane the Moon travels in. Different times of the year, has different planets "near the Moon".
The planets constantly move through the constellations and other patterns of stars, always staying pretty close to the same track. Sadly, their track never comes anywhere very close to Orion.