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Freezing/Thawing - Water in the soil freezing creates ice crystals that push the soil particles outwards, causing what is called "heave." When the ice crystals thaw, the soil flows don the slope due to gravity.

Wetting/Drying - Heavy rainfall causes an increase to the moisture in the soil, which increases the volume and weight of the soil. This allows the soil to move down the slope under the influence of gravity. When the soil, especially clay, dries out, the soil contracts.

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