A scientist studying a shoreline may observe features like terraces or submerged ancient beaches, which indicate past higher sea levels. By examining these features along with geological data, they can deduce that there has been vertical movement of the Earth's crust over time, causing the changes in sea level and shoreline position.
Scientists discovered evidence of continental drift by observing the fit of the West African and South American coastlines, similarities in rock formations and fossils across continents, and the alignment of mountain ranges across continents. This led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics, which explains how the continents were once part of a single supercontinent called Pangaea that later separated due to the movement of tectonic plates.
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I will give you enough of the answer to get you started, but you should figure the rest out on your own. This is not the complete answer.The heat that drives plate tectonics is coming from the core, which flows to the already hot mantle, which heats the core.Hope this helps!
They use seismic waves. If not produced by a natural event like a earthquake, scientists(geophysicists generally) will create a explosion on land or on water. By using a seismograph, scientist are able to track how the seismic wave travels underground. Scientist already know that some earth materials cause waves to travel at a general velocity. For example, waves travel at a speed of 1.5km/s in water 2km/s in sediments 5.07km/s in basalts 6.69km/s in gabbro 8.13km/s in peridotite There is more materials they know the speed of I just can't remember them :P so if a wave is traveling at 1 of these speeds you know you got gabbro or whatever. However, scientist don't know the velocities of the waves but they can figure them out by studying refracted and reflected waves(refracted is more commonly studied to determine velocities). Refracted happens if layer 2 has a greater velocity than layer 1 and reflected happens if layer 1 has a greater velocity than layer 2. Once they know the velocities they can determine how big a layer is. They figure out the velocities as well as how big a layer is by using math. For example they can figure out the height of a layer by the formula t*V1/2costhetax Where t is travel time V1 and V2 is the velocity of the first layer and second layer And thetax is equal to arcsin(v1/v2) And if you don't know the travel time then there is whole different formula that can be used Basically a lot of math is used to determine the size of layers. What I just described was very generalized there is a whole lot more to it but way too complicated to explain
convection current from the magma in the centre of the earth pushes plates to move.
One famous scientist in hydrology is Luna Leopold. He was a pioneering figure in the field of fluvial geomorphology, studying the interaction of rivers and landscapes. Leopold made significant contributions to our understanding of sediment transport, river behavior, and watershed management.
H. DAVID (SCIENTIST)
Figure out what measurements to make.
Toy shops.
to figure out how much space is in an object
The nature of a scientist is to figure out answers to problems, help find cures for diseases, and so on.
willy
When a scientist is curious they will stop at nothing to figure it out.
ordered pair
Rodiometric dating
Well its hard to tell. If they are trying to figure things out probably
The leading figure of the Christian humanism movement was Desiderius Erasmus, a Dutch scholar and theologian in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. He emphasized the importance of studying the original sources of Christianity and promoting education and reform within the church.