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Synthetic rubber is petroleum based. According to Wikipedia, using 2005 statistics, 58% of all rubber production is synthetic rubber or approximately 12 million tons.

The chemical composition of rubber is complex. According to Wikipedia, under petrochemicals, synthetic rubber is

synthetic elastomers made of any one or more of several petrochemical (usually) monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, styrene, isobutylene, isoprene, elastomeric polymers are often made with a high percentage of conjugated diene monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, or chloroprene.

Also, Wikipedia notes that since so much of our rubber is synthetic, then the price of rubber depends to a large degree on the price of oil.

I encourage you to follow some of the links, particularly as given in the natural rubber link, as it gives the interesting history of rubber.

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