climate
The average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region is the region's climate. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents.
Precipitation that sinks into the ground is called Groundwater.
Long periods of low precipitation are called "drought".
It's called precipitation.
Precipitation that does not reach the ground is called 'virga'. If it does reach the ground, it's called 'praecipitatio'.
It is called climate.
climate
There is no such thing as a 'wet desert.' Deserts are called deserts because they are dry, receiving less than 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation on average per year.
It's called temperature.
The average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region is the region's climate. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents.
the climate
It's called the Temperature.
The increase in the average temperature of the biosphere is called global warming.
It is Temperature
Whether it's for average yearly temperature or another temperature statistic, a line on a map that follows a specific temperature is called an isotherm.
precipitation
Same as for everything else - called the ambient temperature.