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Groundwater pollution impairs the beneficial uses of groundwater for both current and future generations. Typical beneficial uses include municipal and domestic drinking water supply; industrial supply; agricultural supply; and surface water recharge.

Groundwater flows spreads pollution away from the source area, further impairing the groundwater basin.

Examples:

A petroleum storage and distribution operations has leaked gasoline, MTBE, benzene, and other chemicals know to cause cancer into the groundwater supply. The leak went undetected for several years. The plume of chemicals has traveled over a mile. The basin is unfit for drinking water supply and threatens a nearby river.

Agriculture has historically over applied fertilizers. Nitrates and salts in the fertilizers are highly mobile and do not degrade over time. The pollutants accumulate in the groundwater, over time concentrations exceed acceptable thresholds established by the US EPA.

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Groundwater pollution is often considered a greater problem than surface water pollution because groundwater is susceptible to contamination from various sources and pollutants can persist for long periods due to the limited natural cleansing processes. Additionally, groundwater contamination can be difficult and expensive to detect and clean up, leading to potential long-term environmental and health impacts. Furthermore, many communities rely on groundwater as a primary source of drinking water, making pollution of groundwater sources a significant public health concern.


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