they are called kimberlites and lamprolites.
Loess deposits.
This is called open cast or surface mining.
A sedimentary rock formed from sand deposits is called a 'Sandstone' or generically a 'Psammite'.
this causes erosion
coal seam
The flat surface of a diamond is called the table if it is on the 'top' of a cut diamond. Otherwise, the flat surface is called a facet, some with specific names. Read more, below.
Primary and secondary refer to the order in which they come out, surface waves are called surface because they resonate close to the surface
These are called veins
Diamonds are erupted to the earth's surface by way of volcanic pipes. Diamonds are mined from these pipes. When water flows over these pipes, diamonds can tumble into the stream bed, and some diamonds are carried to the mouths of rivers into salt water. These are called alluvial diamonds. The name of the diamond deposit, then, depends on where you find the diamanods. .
One flat surface is a table. Many flat surfaces are facets.
Hey, did you know that there are two types of diamond deposits? One type is found in "pipes" of volcanic rock, also known as "kimberlite," that are brought to the surface by magma. The other type, called alluvial deposits, are formed when natural diamonds are eroded from their original source, typically a kimberlite deposit. Cool, huh?
Sapphires are mined from http://www.answers.com/topic/alluvium deposits or from primary underground workings. They form in rocks called pegmatites
Generically, they are called "rime". Primary constituents are salt, with other solutes being metal oxides and such.
Kames. Many are found in areas of kettles and moraines.
By weathering rock and carrying it away to different places. That process is called erosion. Then it deposits the sediments and builds, which is called deposition.
Loess deposits.
It depends on the context - in geology they maybe called limestone deposits. In a corrosion sitaution they may be called calcareous deposits