high pressure and temperature
Faulting and folding (also known as brittle and ductile deformation). Please see the related links.
folds-bending of the rocks without breaking faults-fracture of rocks with displacement joints-fracture of rocks wihtout displacement joints affect the resistance of rocks and making it subscitible to weathering
When deformation causes the lithosphere to break, faults can form. Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust along which movement has occurred, resulting in the displacement of rock layers. These fractures can range in size from small fissures to large fault lines and are associated with earthquakes and other tectonic activity.
Any time stress causes rocks to change, deformation occurs.
Shape Memory Alloys, or SMAs, have limitations such as limited deformation range, slow response time, and high cost compared to traditional materials. Additionally, SMAs can exhibit hysteresis and fatigue, which can affect their long-term reliability and performance.
Faulting and folding (also known as brittle and ductile deformation). Please see the related links.
Plastic deformation. This occurs when stress applied to the material causes it to change shape without breaking. The material retains this new shape even after the stress is removed.
folds-bending of the rocks without breaking faults-fracture of rocks with displacement joints-fracture of rocks wihtout displacement joints affect the resistance of rocks and making it subscitible to weathering
When plastic deformation occurs in a material, it causes permanent changes in its shape or structure due to the movement of dislocations within the material. This results in the material being able to retain its deformed shape even after the applied stress is removed. The material typically experiences strain hardening, where it becomes stronger and less ductile as deformation continues.
When a force causes an object to change its shape, it is known as deformation. This can occur either temporarily (elastic deformation) or permanently (plastic deformation) depending on the material properties and the applied force.
Plastic flow in ice occurs at depths greater than 50 meters because at this depth, the pressure from the weight of overlying ice causes the ice to deform and flow like a plastic material rather than behaving brittle like at shallower depths. This deformation is due to the combination of high pressure and temperature causing the ice to exhibit ductile behavior.
Sometimes deformation can be cause by the mother drinking, smoking or falling on their stomach when the mother is still pregnant.
Mechanical energy (that causes the elastic deformation).
Deformation of materials (called strain) is a response to forces acting on those materials (called stress).
Elastic deformation is caused by applied forces. It is also when solids are either twisted or pull and then return to its normal shape.
When deformation causes the lithosphere to break, faults can form. Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust along which movement has occurred, resulting in the displacement of rock layers. These fractures can range in size from small fissures to large fault lines and are associated with earthquakes and other tectonic activity.
initially there is the linear elastic region which obeys the hooks law :stress is directly proportional to the strain. at the end of the linear elastic region the ductile material reaches the yield point beyond which any change in dimensions become permanent. the material goes through a yield plateau in which stress is constant and the strain changes. after crossing the yield plateau the ductile material goes through the strain hardening region in which the deformation is permanent but as the region goes on the stress increases with the strain. here the strength of the ductile material increases as it is strain hardened. at a point it reaches the ultimate load point. This is the maximum load taken by the material. after which further deformation causes decrease in strength or the stress goes on decreasing finally breaking at the breaking load point. this region is called the post-ultimate region.