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There are two types of seismic body waves that travel through the earth when an earthquake occurs. P-waves and S-waves. When an earthquake occurs it has been observed that there is a zone at the opposite side of the earth where P-waves are detected but S-waves are not. S-waves are not able to travel through liquids where as P-waves can and as such it is believed that the shadow zone is caused by the presence of a liquid outer core.

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