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Tyndallization is a process for sterilizing food.1 The process is named after its inventor, the 19th century scientist John Tyndall. It involves briefly boiling the item, which will kill bacterial cells, but not bacterial spores, allowing it to cool and allowing the spores to germinate, and then re-heating to kill the bacteria. This is usually done three times in total. This process is not particularly reliable, so is not often used today.2
Steaming for aprox. 20 minutes on 3 or 4 successive occasions, separated by 24 hour intervals at room temperature is another method of tyndallization. The incubation intervals permit any dormant, resistant endospores to germinate and become active, vulnerable cells, readily killed by a subsequent steaming at 100°C.
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Is tyndallization sterilize or disinfect?
Yes, in tyndalisation all vegetative organisms are destroyed.
Can culture media be sterilized in the oven?
No. Media sterilization requires 121C (250F) at 15psi for 15 minutes. It is generally done in an autoclave, but can be done in a pressure cooker. Tyndallization is another alternative, which is just boiling for 15 minutes three days in a row, and incubating at a warm temperature in between. It is not 100% effective. Instruments can be sterilized in an oven. Dry heat sterilization generally requires 160C (320F) for 2 hours or 170C (340F) for 1 hour.
Who are some scientist contributed in the field of microbiology?
Bacteria were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. The name "bacterium" was introduced much later, by Ehrenberg in 1828, derived from the Greek βακτηριον meaning "small stick". While van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first microbiologist, the first recorded microbiological observation, that of the fruiting bodies of molds, was made earlier in 1665 by Robert Hooke. The field of bacteriology (later a subdiscipline of microbiology) is generally considered to have been founded by Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898), a botanist whose studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria led him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus and Beggiatoa. Cohn was also the first to formulate a scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacteria. Pasteur (1822–1895) and Robert Koch (1843–1910) were contemporaries of Cohn’s and are often considered to be the founders of medical microbiology. Pasteur is most famous for his series of experiments designed to disprove the then widely held theory of spontaneous generation, thereby solidifying microbiology’s identity as a biological science. Pasteur also designed methods for food preservation (pasteurization) and vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies. Koch is best known for his contributions to the germ theory of disease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms. He developed a series of criteria that have become known as the Koch's postulates. Koch was one of the first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria in pure culture resulting in his description of several novel bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. While Pasteur and Koch are often considered the founders of microbiology, their work did not accurately reflect the true diversity of the microbial world because of their exclusive focus on microorganisms having direct medical relevance. It was not until the work of Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931) and Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953), the founders of general microbiology (an older term encompassing aspects of microbial physiology, diversity and ecology), that the true breadth of microbiology was revealed. Beijerinck made two major contributions to microbiology: the discovery of viruses and the development of enrichment culture techniques.While his work on the Tobacco Mosaic Virus established the basic principles of virology, it was his development of enrichment culturing that had the most immediate impact on microbiology by allowing for the cultivation of a wide range of microbes with wildly different physiologies. Winogradsky was the first to develop the concept of chemolithotrophy and to thereby reveal the essential role played by microorganisms in geochemical processes. He was responsible for the first isolation and description of both nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
