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Clay minerals are typically formed over long periods of time by the gradual chemical weathering of rocks, usually silicate-bearing, by low concentrations ofcarbonic acid and other diluted solvents. These solvents, usually acidic, migrate through the weathering rock afterleaching through upper weathered layers. In addition to the weathering process, some clay minerals are formed by hydrothermalactivity. Clay deposits may be formed in place as residual deposits in soil, but thick deposits usually are formed as the result of a secondary sedimentarydeposition process after they have been eroded and transported from their original location of formation. Clay deposits are typically associated with very low energydepositional environmentssuch as large lakes and marine basins.

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