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At the moment of the northern summer solstice, around June 21 each year, the northern tip of earth's axis is pointing as much toward the sun as possible. This is the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, and this is also the time of year when the earth is farther from the sun. That farthest point, aphelion, is reached by earth a few days after the solstice. Picture the earth orbiting the sun, and picture earth's tilt as it moves through its orbit. Imagine two different planes. One plane is the earth's orbital plane, also called the 'ecliptic'. This plane contains the entire orbit of the earth. The other plane is the unique plane containing earth's axis and the center of the sun. At the moment of either solstice, the two planes are perpendicular to one another; along the line where they meet, they form a 90 degree angle. These are the only times when these particular planes are perpendicular.

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