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Paleomagnetism refers to the study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field preserved in various rocks and minerals through time.

The study of paleomagnetism is possible because iron-bearing minerals such as magnetite may record past directions of the Earth's magnetic field when the rocks containing them were formed or last heated up.

Paleomagnetic signatures in rocks can be recorded by three different mechanisms:-

  • First, iron-titanium oxide minerals in basalt and other igneous rocks may preserve the direction of the Earth's magnetic field when the rocks cool through the "Curie temperature" for those minerals. (The Curie temperature of magnetite, is about 580°C).
  • In a completely different process, magnetic grains in sediments may align with the magnetic field during or soon after deposition.
  • In a third process, magnetic grains may be deposited from a circulating solution, or be formed during chemical reactions, and may record the direction of the magnetic field at the time of the mineral's formation.
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