Cade (1949) reasoned that mania was caused by a normal product of the body circulating in excess. He found that concentrated fresh urine of manic patients injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs was often found to kill more readily than urine from normal persons, schizophrenics or melancholics. Urea was identified as the toxic substance and in trying to establish how much uric acid increased the toxicity of urea, lithium urate, as the most soluble urate, was injected with a urea solution into guinea pigs, seeming to produce a protective effect. To determine whether lithium salts by themselves had any discernible effects, lithium carbonate was injected and after a period of about two hours the animals, although fully conscious, became extremely lethargic and unresponsive to stimuli for a few hours before once again becoming normally active. As Cade himself admits "It may seem a long way from lethargy in guinea pigs to the control of manic excitement, but as these investigations had commenced in an attempt to demonstrate some possibly excreted toxin in the urine of manic patients, the association of ideas is explicable", even if totally fallacious. It can be conjectured that the docility of the guinea pigs was due to lithium toxicity. Not unusually in medicine, lithium was introduced through a mistaken hypothesis.
Lithium Bromine
Lithium is a chemical element and it is simply called Lithium, its symbol is Li.
lithium hydrogen hyposulphate OR lithium bihyposulphate
Lithium is sometimes known as Li in the periodic table or as "lithia" when referring to lithium compounds. It is also commonly referred to by its chemical name, lithium carbonate, in pharmaceutical contexts.
Its called lithium sulfide(or lithium sulphide in europe) with the formula LiS2
Lithium Bromine
lithium hydroxide + carbon dioxide --> lithium bicarbonate
Lithium oxide - Li2O Three oxides of lithium are known: Li2O, Li2O2, LiO2.
Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium citrate (Li3C6H5O7), lithium sulfate (Li2SO4), lithium aspartate and the lithium orotate are classified as mood stabilizers.
Lithium 6 and lithium 7 are isotopes of lithium. The main difference between them is in the number of neutrons in their nuclei - lithium-6 has 3 neutrons, while lithium-7 has 4 neutrons. Lithium-7 is more abundant in nature than lithium-6.
Isotopes of lithium are the different types of lithium atoms, each having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. The three isotopes of lithium are lithium-6, lithium-7, and lithium-8.
Lithium Hydrogen Phosphate or Lithium biphosphate
LiIO = Lithium hypoiodite LiIO2 = Lithium iodite LiIO3 = Lithium iodate LiIO4 = Lithium periodate
The word equation for lithium and chlorine is: lithium + chlorine -> lithium chloride.
Lithium has two stable isotopes, lithium-6 and lithium-7. There are also several radioactive isotopes of lithium, with lithium-8 being the most common radioactive isotope.
Lithium is a chemical element and it is simply called Lithium, its symbol is Li.
lithium hydrogen hyposulphate OR lithium bihyposulphate