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Because of the temperature of the air. There's about the same amount of air over the earth, pressing down and generating roughly the same amount of pressure. But the difference is that because cold air is more dense than hot air, the same amount of cold air will compress much more than that of hot air. Therefore, the height of the troposphere over the poles can be less than half what it is at the equator, with the same amount of air.

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Q: Why does the height of the troposphere vary around the earth?
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What layer of the atmosphere is closest to earth?

The layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth's surface is the troposphere. It's the lowest layer and extends from the Earth's surface up to an average height of about 7 to 20 kilometers (4 to 12 miles) above sea level, although its height can vary depending on the region and weather conditions. The troposphere is where most weather phenomena occur, and it contains the air we breathe and the majority of Earth's clouds and weather systems.


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It doesn't have to be cold. In fact hail forms best if it is fairly warm near the ground. No matter how warm it is at the ground, temperatures in the upper troposphere are very cold, though extactly how cold can vary. Hail forms in thunderstorms with strong updrafts. Such storms form best when the lower troposphere is warmer than normal while the upper troposphere is cooler than normal.


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The Earth spins on its axis, and that axis is tilted with respect to the flat plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. This causes the duration (day length) and intensity of sunlight to vary for given latitudes at different points in its orbit. This is NOT a function of the Earth's changing distance from the Sun, which only varies by about 3%. (see related question)

Related questions

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Is the troposphere equal in depth everywhere and why or why not?

Definitely not - it varies with temperature. The top of the troposphere is defined by (to simplify) the point where the temperature stops decreasing with height. This is going to vary depending on the temperature of the air below. The troposphere can be less than half the height at the poles as it is at the equator because cold air takes up much less space. Additionally, its height varies in the same location as the seasons change, or even as different air masses move through.


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