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In order to locate an earthquake's epicentre it is necessary to calculate the distance of the epicentre from the seismometer stations that recorded the seismic waves.

To do this, it is necessary to know the velocity of the P and S seismic waves through the Earth's crust. This velocity is in turn dependent on the density and elastic moduli of the material that the seismic waves travel through. As the Earth is formed from a very wide variety of rocks that have different properties and have undergone differing levels of deformation as well as chemical and other physical changes, the relevant properties can be very variable. Because of this, seismologists cannot know the exact nature of all the material that the seismic waves must travel through and therefore have to create simplified models of the ground in order to estimate the seismic wave speed and in turn estimate the distance to the epicentre.

This approximation and simplification will introduce an error into the result and this will mean that the position of the epicentre will be approximate.

Normally the margin of error will be quoted along with the best estimate of the location.

For more information on the methodology used for the triangulation of earthquake epicentres and the parameters that affect the velocity of seismic waves, please see the related questions.

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