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A lone chlorine atom has 7 outer shell electrons, 1 electron short of a full outer shell of 8 electrons, which is stable.

In order to achieve this full outer shell two chlorine atoms share a pair of electrons, with each atom contributing 1 electron to the pair. By sharing electrons in this manner the chlorine atoms achieve a full outer shell.

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Contrast the bonds that are formed by diatomic chlorine and diatomic oxygen?

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